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Projects - Technical Glossary ADR adsorption desorption recovery adsorption part of a method for gold extraction in a processing plant agglomeration the act of binding fine particles together to create coarse particles as part of a mineral processing activity alluvial pertaining to material deposited by rivers alteration alteration of a rock/mineral by geological forces alteration halo zone of alteration that surrounds the principal source of alteration. Often observed as a warning of alteration with distance from a source amphibolite a metamorphic rock type. In this case, it defines specific temperature and pressure conditions anatomising relating to veins that split and rejoin in a braided fashion anomalous value of a given element that is deemed to be above the background or normal value apatitic relating to a concentration of calcium phosphate mineral Archaean period of geological time, before ι,500 million years ago arsenic a chemical element often associated with gold deposits arsenopyrite arsenic-iron sulphide mineral artisanal miners local miners that generally operate on a pick and shovel basis or small scale mechanical production. In many cases these are unofficial miners and are ignored by local governments Au gold bacterial oxidation a metallurgical process that uses certain bacteria to break down sulphide minerals in order to release the contained metals Birimian era of geological time between 2,200 and 1,800 million years ago. Typified by deposition of rocks similar to those of the Birim Valley, Ghana BLEG bulk leach extractable gold, an assaying technique brittle action when rock or mineral under pressure breaks rather than bends (see ductile) carbonate relating to rocks rich in calcium and or magnesium carbonatite an intrusive rock rich in carbonates chalcopyrite copper sulphide mineral clastic formed from fragments of pre-existing rock transported and deposited deposit an anomalous occurrence of a specific mineral or minerals within the Earths crust destral right sided displacement along a fault dilution mixing of economic grade material with non-economic grade or waste material in the mining process dip inclination of a geological feature/rock from the horizontal dolomite magnesium limestone, a type of rock dykes intrusive rocks that are discordant to host rocks. Often thin and tabular EIS environmental impact study elution the removal of adsorbed gold from activated carbon through processes of washing with specific liquors under controlled conditions Environmental Baseline study study of the local environmental conditions prior to mine construction facies unit defined by its geological features feasibility study a detailed study of the economics of a project based on technical calculations and specific mine designs undertaken to a sufficiently high degree of confidence to justify a decision on construction ferricrete see laterite flotation chemical process as part of gold extraction from crusher ore foliation orientation of minerals in a rock due to deformational process GeoBiotics a proprietary process for cost effective bio-oxidation of sulphidic material using heap leach system prior to conventional metal recovery. This system has yet to be utilised on a commercial basis gochemical soil sampling prospecting technique using samples of soil and laboratory analysis GIS Geographical Information System, a computer database utilising world coordinates estimation of the mean grade of a deposit based on sample date population gneiss metamorphic rock displaying banding granite igneous rock type granitoids group of rock types related to granite greenschist a particular level of metamorphism defined by a particular mineral assemblage and specific pressure and temperature conditions greenstone a field term for altered basic igneous rocks g/t grammes per tonne halo area immediately surrounding a specific point, mineral or occurrence HDPE high density polyethylene global parametric statisticcalanalysis of the estimating estimation of the mean grade of a deposit based on sample data population heap leaching a low cost technique for extracting metals from ore by percolating leaching solutions through heaps of ore placed on impervious pads. Generally used for low grade ores hydrothermal process involving super heated magmatic waters indicated mineral resource that part of a mineral resource for which tonnage, densities, shape, physical characteristics, grade and mineral content can be estimated with a reasonable level of confidence. It is based on exploration, sampling and testing information gathered though appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes. The locations are indicator kriging a kriging methodology which is used to a database in which all grades have been converted to either 0 or 1 depending on whether they are less than, or greater than, a specified threshold or cut off grade
intrusive derived from molten material that originated and solidified beneath the Earths surface inverse distance modelling a method of block grade estimation which uses as a weighting factor the inverse of distance raised to a specified power) of each sample from the block under evaluation isoclinal fold tight folding of a rock band or strata whereby the limbs are parallel JORC code Australasian code for reporting of mineral resources and ore reserves JV joint venture kaolinisation process by which mineral arc degraded to from Kaolin Karstic type of weathering specific to carbonate rock types km/km2 kilometre(s)/square kilometre(s) kriging an interpolation method that minimises the estimation error in the determination of mineral resources KW kilowatt(s) Landsat TM imagery satellite imagery of the earths surface laterite residual deposits of iron oxide formed as a result of weathering under specific climatic conditions lava igneous rock flow at surface in both molten and cooled form limb a geological term for one side/part of a fold logging recording geological, geotechnical and other information from dill core metre(s) m metre(s) mm millimetre(s) m3 cubic metre(s) m3/hr cubic metre(s) per hour Ma abbreviated term for million years magnetics geophysical prospecting technique using variations in the earths magnetic field measured mineral resource that portion of a mineral resource for which tonnage, densities, shape, physical characteristics, grade and mineral content can be estimated with a high level of confidence. It is based on detailed and reliable exploration, sampling and testing information gathered through workings and drill holes. The locations are spaced closely enough to confirm geological and/or grade continuity metallurgical studies pertaining to the metal content of the rock and the extraction of such metals metamorphism process by which rocks are changed by the agencies of heat and pressure metasediment sedimentary rocks that have undergone varying levels of metamorphism but are still recognisable as original sediments metavolcanic a volcanic rock that has undergone metamorphism migmatite high grade metamporphic rock type MIK multiple indicator kriging, variant of indicator kriging which uses multiple thresholds mineral resource a concentration or occurrence of material of intrinsic economic interest in or on the Earths crust in such form and quantity that there are reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction. The location, quantity, grade, geological characteristics and continuity of a mineral resource are known, estimated or interpreted from specific geological evidence and knowledge. mineralised rock that contains ore minerals mylonite rock type found in fault zones occluded relates to an element or mineral enclosed by or within another mineral ordinary kriging a kriging methodology which estimates grade weighting factors in such a way that the sum of these factors equals one ore reserve the economically mineable part of a measured or indicated mineral resource. It includes diluting materials and allowances for losses which may occur when the material is mined. Appropriate assessments, which may include feasibility studies, have been carried out, and include consideration of and modification by realistically assumed, mining, metallurgical, economic, marketing, legal environmental, social and governmental factors. These assessments demonstrate at the time of reporting that extraction could reasonably be justified. Ore reserves are sub-divided in order of increasing confidence into probable ore reserves and proven ore reserves orebody the volume of rock containing the mineral resource ounce troy ounce oxide soft, weathered rock, formed by the processes of weathering near surface PGM platinum group metals proscorite apatite rich carbonatite pre-feasibility study a study approaching feasibility level based on assumptions and comparisons with like deposits and where variables have moderate degree of confidence probable ore reserve the economically mineable part of an indicated, and in some circumstances measured mineral resource. It includes diluting materials and allowances for losses which may occur when the material is mined. Appropriate assessments, which may include feasibility studies, have been carried out, and include consideration of and modification by realistically assumed mining, metallurgical, economic, marketing, legal, environmental, social and governmental factors. These assessments demonstrate at the time of reporting that extraction could reasonably be justified proven ore reserve The economically mineable part of a measured mineral resource. It includes diluting material and allowances for losses which may occur when the material is minded. Appropriate assessments, which may include feasibility studies, have been carried out, and include consideration of and modification by realistically assumed mining, metallurgical, economic, marketing, legal, environmental, social and governmental factors. These assessments demonstrate at the time of reporting that extraction could reasonably be justified. pyrite iron sulphide mineral, FeS2 quartzite a rock type formed predominantly of recrystalised quartz RAB drilling rotary air blast drilling technique radiometric geophysical prospecting technique using radiation RC drilling reverse circulation drilling technique reserves that of a mineral resource which has been demonstrated to be economically exploitable resistivity geophysical exploration technique using electrical conductivity of rocks resources that part of mineral deposit which has the potential to be exploited saprolite weathered rock depleted as part of the lateritisation process but with some distinguishable features/minerals of the original rock schist metamorphic rock type with a characteristic fabric sedimentary rock type formed from fragments of other rocks shale a type of sedimentary rock shear zone fault zone, often associated with fluid movement and mineralisation siltstone type of fine grained sedimentary rock stope underground void created by mining strike general trend or direction of a geological feature in a horizontal plane sulphide iron and sulphide based metalliferous minerals syn contemporaneous synformal rocks folded in the shape of a basin tailings finely ground waste rock from which valuable minerals or metals have been extracted tectonic relating to a major structural event tholiitic type of basic igneous rock thrust low angle reverse fault twin process by which drill holes are verified with a new hole in close proximity ultra mafic igneous rock type defined by its dark mineral content un-oxidised that portion of a deposit that has not been weathered or oxidised variography the process by which a semi-variogram is produced and modelled. A semivariogram expresses the rate of change of the differences of grade (and other variables) as the separation between samples increases and is used in the kriging process vein/veinlet small conduit within targer rock mass VLF geophysical exploration technique using very low frequency waveforms volcano:sedimentary package of rock comprising intercalated volcanic and sedimentary rocks weathering degradation of rocks at the Earths surface by climatic forces |
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